Blender MCP

Tool Selection

Use structured MCP tools (get_scene_info, screenshot) for quick inspection.

Use **execute_python** for anything non-trivial: hierarchy traversal, material extraction, animation baking, bulk operations. It gives full bpy API access and avoids tool schema limitations.

Use headless CLI for GLTF exports — the MCP server times out on export operations.

Health Check (Always First)

• get_scene_info — verify connection (default port 9876)

• execute_python with print("ok") — verify Python works

• screenshot — verify viewport capture works

If MCP is unresponsive, check that the Blender MCP addon is enabled and the socket server is running.

Complete Export Workflow

This is the end-to-end linear narrative. Follow these steps in order. Do not skip steps.

Step 1: Health Check

Confirm MCP is alive before touching anything else:

# In MCP tool call:

get_scene_info

execute_python: print("ok")

screenshot

If any step fails, stop and fix MCP connectivity first. See [Known Errors](#known-errors--workarounds).

Step 2: Inspect Scene

Run the full hierarchy extraction to understand what you're working with:

import bpy, json

def extract_hierarchy(obj, depth=0):

    data = {

        "name": obj.name,

        "type": obj.type,

        "location": list(obj.location),

        "rotation": list(obj.rotation_euler),

        "scale": list(obj.scale),

        "visible": not obj.hide_viewport,

        "children": [],

    }

    if obj.type == 'MESH' and obj.data:

        data["vertices"] = len(obj.data.vertices)

        data["faces"] = len(obj.data.polygons)

        data["materials"] = [slot.material.name for slot in obj.material_slots if slot.material]

    if obj.type == 'LIGHT':

        data["light_type"] = obj.data.type

        data["energy"] = obj.data.energy

        data["color"] = list(obj.data.color)

    for mod in obj.modifiers:

        if mod.type == 'ARRAY':

            data.setdefault("modifiers", []).append({

                "type": "ARRAY",

                "count": mod.count,

                "offset_object": mod.offset_object.name if mod.offset_object else None,

            })

    for child in obj.children:

        data["children"].append(extract_hierarchy(child, depth + 1))

    return data

scene_data = {

    "name": bpy.context.scene.name,

    "fps": bpy.context.scene.render.fps,

    "frame_start": bpy.context.scene.frame_start,

    "frame_end": bpy.context.scene.frame_end,

    "objects": [],

}

for obj in bpy.context.scene.objects:

    if obj.parent is None:

        scene_data["objects"].append(extract_hierarchy(obj))

print(json.dumps(scene_data, indent=2))

Look for:

• Array modifiers (will balloon file size if baked — must replicate at runtime)

• Objects with many vertices (risk of slow export or large GLB)

• Hidden objects you may or may not want to export

• Missing materials (empty material_slots)

Step 3: Verify Materials

Run the material extraction to catch export-lossy setups before committing to an export:

import bpy, json

def extract_materials():

    materials = []

    for mat in bpy.data.materials:

        if not mat.use_nodes:

            continue

        info = {"name": mat.name, "nodes": [], "warnings": []}

        has_principled = False

        for node in mat.node_tree.nodes:

            node_data = {"type": node.type, "name": node.name}

            if node.type == 'BSDF_PRINCIPLED':

                has_principled = True

                for inp in node.inputs:

                    if inp.is_linked:

                        node_data[inp.name] = "linked"

                    elif hasattr(inp, 'default_value'):

                        val = inp.default_value

                        try:

                            node_data[inp.name] = list(val)

                        except TypeError:

                            node_data[inp.name] = float(val)

            if node.type == 'TEX_IMAGE' and node.image:

                node_data["image"] = node.image.filepath

                node_data["size"] = [node.image.size[0], node.image.size[1]]

                if node.image.size[0] > 2048:

                    info["warnings"].append(f"Large texture: {node.image.filepath} ({node.image.size[0]}x{node.image.size[1]})")

            if node.type in ('TEX_NOISE', 'TEX_VORONOI', 'TEX_WAVE', 'TEX_MUSGRAVE'):

                info["warnings"].append(f"Procedural texture node '{node.name}' ({node.type}) will be LOST on GLTF export")

            if node.type == 'VALTORGB':  # Color Ramp

                info["warnings"].append(f"Color Ramp '{node.name}' remapping will be LOST on GLTF export")

        if not has_principled:

            info["warnings"].append("No Principled BSDF found — export result unpredictable")

        info["nodes"].append(node_data)

        materials.append(info)

    return materials

result = extract_materials()

for mat in result:

    if mat["warnings"]:

        print(f"WARN [{mat['name']}]: {'; '.join(mat['warnings'])}")

print(json.dumps(result, indent=2))

Review all warnings before proceeding. Decide: bake procedural textures now, or patch materials at runtime after export.

Step 4: Export via Headless CLI

The MCP server cannot handle GLTF exports (timeout). Always use headless CLI:

# Use 'blender' if it's on PATH, otherwise use the platform-specific path:

#   macOS:   /Applications/Blender.app/Contents/MacOS/Blender

#   Windows: "C:\Program Files\Blender Foundation\Blender 4.x\blender.exe"

#   Linux:   /usr/bin/blender

blender \

  --background "/path/to/scene.blend" \

  --python-expr "

import bpy, os

export_path = '/path/to/output.glb'

os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(export_path)), exist_ok=True)

bpy.ops.export_scene.gltf(

    filepath=export_path,

    export_format='GLB',

    export_apply=False,

    export_animations=True,

    export_nla_strips=True,

    export_cameras=True,

    export_lights=False,

    export_draco_mesh_compression_enable=False,

)

size_mb = os.path.getsize(export_path) / 1024 / 1024

print(f'Export complete: {export_path} ({size_mb:.1f} MB)')

"

Critical flags:

• export_apply=False — do not bake modifiers (Array modifier turns 1 MB into 56 MB)

• export_draco_mesh_compression_enable=False — apply Draco later via gltf-transform

• Quote all paths that may contain spaces

Step 5: Optimize with gltf-transform

Run after a successful export. Always use individual steps, never optimize:

# 1. Inspect raw export first

npx @gltf-transform/cli inspect output.glb

# 2. Resize textures (max 1K for web/mobile)

npx @gltf-transform/cli resize output.glb resized.glb --width 1024 --height 1024

# 3. WebP compression (quality 90 preserves detail)

npx @gltf-transform/cli webp resized.glb webp.glb --quality 90

# 4. Draco mesh compression (LAST — irreversible)

npx @gltf-transform/cli draco webp.glb final.glb

# 5. Inspect final result

npx @gltf-transform/cli inspect final.glb

Expected size reduction: ~22 MB raw → ~3.7 MB (WebP) → ~1 MB (Draco). See references/texture-optimization.md for detailed metrics.

Step 6: Validate

Run the full Post-Export Validation checklist below before shipping.

Post-Export Validation Checklist

After every export, verify the following before handing off the GLB for integration:

• File size is reasonable — raw GLB under 30 MB, optimized GLB under 5 MB for typical web scenes. Flag anything above these thresholds.

• Inspect with gltf-transform CLI — run npx @gltf-transform/cli inspect final.glb and check: mesh count, texture count, texture sizes, animation count, accessor sizes. No unexpected duplication.

• Visual test in Babylon.js Sandbox — drag-and-drop the GLB at sandbox.babylonjs.com. Verify: mesh renders correctly, textures appear, animations play, no black/pink materials.

• No Three.js console errors — load in a minimal Three.js GLTFLoader test page and check browser console. Common errors: THREE.GLTFLoader: Unknown extension, missing texture files, unsupported Draco version.

• Materials spot-check — pick 3–5 materials and visually confirm roughness, metalness, and base color look correct. Compare against Blender viewport render. Flag any that look flat or overly shiny.

• Animation spot-check — if the scene has animations, verify at least one plays correctly in Babylon.js Sandbox or Three.js. Check frame count matches expected.

• Name mapping verified — if runtime code references mesh names, confirm the names match after GLTF export transformation (spaces → underscores, dots removed). See [Critical Rule 5](#5-gltf-name-mapping).

• No missing textures — check Babylon.js Sandbox network tab. No 404s for texture files. All textures should be packed inside the GLB.

Examples

Example 1: Export Character Rig with Animations

Scenario: You have a humanoid character with armature, 3 NLA actions (idle, walk, run), PBR texture set, and a weapon attached via parenting. You need a web-ready GLB for a Three.js scene.

Step 1: Health check and scene inspection

# MCP tool calls

get_scene_info

execute_python: print("ok")

Step 2: Inspect the rig

import bpy, json

# Check armature and NLA strips

for obj in bpy.data.objects:

    if obj.type == 'ARMATURE':

        print(f"Armature: {obj.name}")

        if obj.animation_data:

            print(f"  Active action: {obj.animation_data.action.name if obj.animation_data.action else 'None'}")

            for track in obj.animation_data.nla_tracks:

                print(f"  NLA track: {track.name}")

                for strip in track.strips:

                    print(f"    Strip: {strip.name}, frames {strip.frame_start}-{strip.frame_end}")

Step 3: Check materials for export losses

Run the material extraction above. For a character, watch for:

• Procedural skin texture nodes (Noise → color variation) — these will be lost

• Color Ramp on roughness for fabric — will be lost, roughness will look flat

• Decision: bake procedural variations to image textures, or patch roughness values at runtime

Step 4: Export

blender \

  --background "/path/to/character.blend" \

  --python-expr "

import bpy, os, tempfile

export_dir = tempfile.gettempdir()

bpy.ops.export_scene.gltf(

    filepath=os.path.join(export_dir, 'character.glb'),

    export_format='GLB',

    export_apply=False,

    export_animations=True,

    export_nla_strips=True,

    export_cameras=False,

    export_lights=False,

    export_draco_mesh_compression_enable=False,

    export_skins=True,

    export_morph=True,

)

print('done:', os.path.getsize(os.path.join(export_dir, 'character.glb')) / 1024 / 1024, 'MB')

"

Step 5: Verify animations exported

npx @gltf-transform/cli inspect character.glb | grep -i anim

Expected output: 3 animations (Idle, Walk, Run). If 0, check that NLA strips are muted or the tracks are set to solo.

Step 6: Optimize

npx @gltf-transform/cli resize character.glb char_resized.glb --width 1024 --height 1024

npx @gltf-transform/cli webp char_resized.glb char_webp.glb --quality 90

npx @gltf-transform/cli draco char_webp.glb character_final.glb

Step 7: Runtime animation setup (Three.js)

import { GLTFLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/GLTFLoader.js';

import { DRACOLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/DRACOLoader.js';

import * as THREE from 'three';

const dracoLoader = new DRACOLoader();

dracoLoader.setDecoderPath('/draco/');

const loader = new GLTFLoader();

loader.setDRACOLoader(dracoLoader);

loader.load('/character_final.glb', (gltf) => {

    const mixer = new THREE.AnimationMixer(gltf.scene);

    const clips = gltf.animations; // [Idle, Walk, Run]

    const idleAction = mixer.clipAction(clips.find(c => c.name === 'Idle'));

    idleAction.play();

    // Animate mixer in render loop: mixer.update(delta)

});

Example 2: Debug Material Export Loss (Roughness Looks Flat)

Scenario: After export, a metal panel material looks uniformly flat and shiny in Three.js. In Blender it had interesting roughness variation from a Noise Texture → Color Ramp → roughness input.

Step 1: Confirm the problem in Blender

import bpy, json

mat = bpy.data.materials.get("MetalPanel")

if mat and mat.use_nodes:

    for node in mat.node_tree.nodes:

        print(f"Node: {node.type} - {node.name}")

        for inp in node.inputs:

            if inp.is_linked:

                print(f"  Input '{inp.name}': linked to something")

Expected output reveals:

Node: BSDF_PRINCIPLED - Principled BSDF

  Input 'Roughness': linked to something

Node: VALTORGB - Color Ramp         <-- this will NOT export

Node: TEX_NOISE - Noise Texture     <-- this will NOT export

Step 2: Understand what GLTF received

The export exports the Principled BSDF's roughness input. When linked to a Color Ramp, GLTF exporter takes the default_value of the input socket (fallback), which is typically 0.5 — perfectly flat.

Step 3A: Fix by baking in Blender (best quality)

import bpy

# Select the object

obj = bpy.data.objects["MetalPanelMesh"]

bpy.context.view_layer.objects.active = obj

bpy.ops.object.select_all(action='DESELECT')

obj.select_set(True)

# Create a new image to bake into

bake_img = bpy.data.images.new("MetalPanel_roughness_baked", width=1024, height=1024)

bake_img.colorspace_settings.name = 'Non-Color'

# Add image texture node to material

mat = obj.active_material

nodes = mat.node_tree.nodes

img_node = nodes.new('ShaderNodeTexImage')

img_node.image = bake_img

nodes.active = img_node

# Bake roughness (use ROUGHNESS pass or EMIT trick)

bpy.context.scene.cycles.bake_type = 'ROUGHNESS'

bpy.ops.object.bake(type='ROUGHNESS', save_mode='INTERNAL')

# Save baked image

import tempfile, os

bake_path = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), 'MetalPanel_roughness_baked.png')

bake_img.filepath_raw = bake_path

bake_img.file_format = 'PNG'

bake_img.save()

print(f"Baked roughness to {bake_path}")

Then connect the new image texture node to the Roughness input and re-export.

Step 3B: Fix at runtime in Three.js (quick patch)

If you cannot bake, override the material roughness after load:

loader.load('/metal_panel.glb', (gltf) => {

    gltf.scene.traverse((child) => {

        if (child.isMesh && child.material) {

            const mats = Array.isArray(child.material) ? child.material : [child.material];

            mats.forEach(mat => {

                if (mat.name === 'MetalPanel') {

                    // Instead of flat 0.5, set a textured roughness or varied value

                    mat.roughness = 0.3;  // adjust to match intended look

                    mat.metalness = 0.9;

                    mat.needsUpdate = true;

                }

            });

        }

    });

});

Step 4: Verify fix

Re-export and run validation checklist. In Babylon.js Sandbox, compare the metal panel material against a Blender viewport screenshot to confirm roughness variation is preserved.

Critical Rules

1. MCP Server Times Out on Exports

The Blender MCP server cannot handle GLTF exports — they exceed the timeout. Always use headless CLI:

blender --background "scene.blend" --python-expr "

import bpy, os

export_path = 'output.glb'

os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(export_path), exist_ok=True)

bpy.ops.export_scene.gltf(

    filepath=export_path,

    export_format='GLB',

    export_apply=False,

    export_animations=True,

    export_nla_strips=True,

    export_cameras=True,

    export_lights=False,

    export_draco_mesh_compression_enable=False,

)

print(f'Size: {os.path.getsize(export_path)/1024/1024:.1f} MB')

"

2. Do NOT Apply Modifiers on Export

Set export_apply=False. Array modifiers (circular patterns, linear repeats) balloon file size when baked. Replicate them at runtime instead.

Example: 16 roller instances via Array modifier = ~1 MB GLB. Baked = ~56 MB GLB.

3. Export WITHOUT Draco First

If you plan to optimize with gltf-transform, export without Draco compression. Re-encoding existing Draco corrupts meshes. Apply Draco as the final step.

4. Procedural Textures Don't Export to GLTF

These Blender node setups are lost on export:

Node Setup

What's Lost

Workaround

Noise Texture → roughness

Entire procedural chain

Bake to texture, or shader patch at runtime

Color Ramp on roughness texture

Value remapping range

Manual roughness values, or runtime remap

Procedural bump (Noise → Bump)

Bump detail

Bake normal map in Blender

Mix Shader with complex factor

Blend logic

Simplify to single BSDF before export

What DOES export: flat roughness/metallic values, image textures (without Color Ramp remapping), baked normal maps, PBR texture sets (baseColor, metallicRoughness, normal).

5. GLTF Name Mapping

Blender names are transformed in GLTF:

• Spaces → underscores

• Dots → removed

• Trailing spaces → trailing underscore

Blender

GLTF

RINGS ball L

RINGS_ball_L

Sphere.003

Sphere003

RINGS L.001

RINGS_L001

RINGS S (trailing space)

RINGS_S_

Always check names in the exported GLB, not Blender, when referencing meshes in code.

6. Never Use gltf-transform optimize

The optimize command includes simplify which destroys mesh geometry. Use individual steps instead:

# Resize textures (max 1024x1024)

npx @gltf-transform/cli resize input.glb resized.glb --width 1024 --height 1024

# WebP texture compression

npx @gltf-transform/cli webp resized.glb webp.glb --quality 90

# Draco mesh compression (LAST step)

npx @gltf-transform/cli draco webp.glb output.glb

7. Quote Paths with Spaces

Blender project paths often contain spaces. Always double-quote:

blender --background "$HOME/Downloads/blend 3/scene.blend" ...

Scene Extraction Pattern

Full hierarchy with materials, transforms, and modifiers:

import bpy, json

def extract_hierarchy(obj, depth=0):

    data = {

        "name": obj.name,

        "type": obj.type,

        "location": list(obj.location),

        "rotation": list(obj.rotation_euler),

        "scale": list(obj.scale),

        "visible": not obj.hide_viewport,

        "children": [],

    }

    if obj.type == 'MESH' and obj.data:

        data["vertices"] = len(obj.data.vertices)

        data["faces"] = len(obj.data.polygons)

        data["materials"] = [slot.material.name for slot in obj.material_slots if slot.material]

    if obj.type == 'LIGHT':

        data["light_type"] = obj.data.type

        data["energy"] = obj.data.energy

        data["color"] = list(obj.data.color)

        if obj.data.type == 'AREA':

            data["size"] = obj.data.size

            data["size_y"] = obj.data.size_y

    # Array modifiers (important for runtime replication)

    for mod in obj.modifiers:

        if mod.type == 'ARRAY':

            data.setdefault("modifiers", []).append({

                "type": "ARRAY",

                "count": mod.count,

                "offset_object": mod.offset_object.name if mod.offset_object else None,

            })

    for child in obj.children:

        data["children"].append(extract_hierarchy(child, depth + 1))

    return data

scene_data = {

    "name": bpy.context.scene.name,

    "fps": bpy.context.scene.render.fps,

    "frame_start": bpy.context.scene.frame_start,

    "frame_end": bpy.context.scene.frame_end,

    "objects": [],

}

for obj in bpy.context.scene.objects:

    if obj.parent is None:

        scene_data["objects"].append(extract_hierarchy(obj))

print(json.dumps(scene_data, indent=2))

Material Extraction Pattern

import bpy, json

def extract_materials():

    materials = []

    for mat in bpy.data.materials:

        if not mat.use_nodes:

            continue

        info = {"name": mat.name, "nodes": []}

        for node in mat.node_tree.nodes:

            node_data = {"type": node.type, "name": node.name}

            if node.type == 'BSDF_PRINCIPLED':

                for inp in node.inputs:

                    if inp.is_linked:

                        node_data[inp.name] = "linked"

                    elif hasattr(inp, 'default_value'):

                        val = inp.default_value

                        try:

                            node_data[inp.name] = list(val)

                        except TypeError:

                            node_data[inp.name] = float(val)

            if node.type == 'TEX_IMAGE' and node.image:

                node_data["image"] = node.image.filepath

                node_data["size"] = [node.image.size[0], node.image.size[1]]

            info["nodes"].append(node_data)

        materials.append(info)

    return materials

print(json.dumps(extract_materials(), indent=2))

Animation Keyframe Extraction

import bpy, json

def extract_animation(obj):

    if not obj.animation_data or not obj.animation_data.action:

        return None

    tracks = []

    for fc in obj.animation_data.action.fcurves:

        keyframes = []

        for kp in fc.keyframe_points:

            keyframes.append({

                "frame": int(kp.co[0]),

                "value": float(kp.co[1]),

                "interpolation": kp.interpolation,

            })

        tracks.append({

            "data_path": fc.data_path,

            "index": fc.array_index,

            "keyframes": keyframes,

        })

    return {"object": obj.name, "tracks": tracks}

animations = []

for obj in bpy.data.objects:

    anim = extract_animation(obj)

    if anim:

        animations.append(anim)

print(json.dumps(animations, indent=2))

GLTF Export Settings Reference

Setting

Value

Why

export_format

'GLB'

Single binary file

export_apply

False

Don't bake modifiers (Array, etc.)

export_animations

True

Include animation data

export_nla_strips

True

Bake NLA strips into actions

export_cameras

True

Include camera rigs

export_lights

False

Handle lights in runtime (Three.js/R3F)

export_draco_mesh_compression_enable

False

Apply Draco later via gltf-transform

Texture Optimization Pipeline

Target: smallest GLB with acceptable visual quality.

Blender export (no Draco) → resize (1K max) → WebP (q90) → Draco

   ~22 MB                    ~3.7 MB           ~3.7 MB      ~1 MB

Key insights:

• 4K textures (4096x4096) = ~89 MB GPU memory per texture. 1K = ~5.6 MB. 16x reduction.

• PNG metallicRoughness textures compress well to WebP at quality 85-90.

• Mobile GPUs (Adreno, Mali) benefit most from texture downscaling.

• Inspect with: npx @gltf-transform/cli inspect model.glb

See references/texture-optimization.md for concrete commands and quality metrics.

Asset Integrations

Available through Blender MCP when configured:

Integration

Capabilities

PolyHaven

Search, download, import free HDRIs, textures, and 3D models with auto material setup

Sketchfab

Search and download models (requires access token)

Hyper3D Rodin

Generate 3D models from text descriptions or reference images

Hunyuan3D

Create 3D assets from text prompts, images, or both

See references/asset-integrations.md for usage examples and workflow patterns.

Known Errors & Workarounds

See references/errors.md for complete error tables.

Data Output

• print() + json.dumps() for small results (scene info, single object)

• Use tempfile.gettempdir() for large extraction results (full hierarchy, animation data, material reports)

• Always include metadata: scene name, fps, frame range, Blender version