Maestro Mobile E2E Testing

Overview

Maestro is a declarative YAML-based mobile E2E testing framework. It provides automatic waiting, built-in retry logic, and fast execution without boilerplate. It's more stable than Detox or Appium for React Native apps.

Key Features

• Declarative YAML — no imperative test code, just steps

• Automatic waiting — no manual sleep() or flaky waits

• Built-in retry — reduces test flakiness

• Fast execution — runs quickly without setup overhead

• Maestro Studio — interactive test builder (maestro studio)

• Sub-flows — reusable YAML sequences for DRY tests

• JavaScript scripting — GraalJS runtime for HTTP calls and data manipulation

• Maestro Cloud — real device testing in CI without local simulators

Quick Start

Install

curl -Ls "https://get.maestro.mobile.dev" | bash

brew install openjdk@17

export JAVA_HOME=/opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk@17/libexec/openjdk.jdk/Contents/Home

Minimal test

appId: com.myapp

---

- launchApp

- tapOn:

    id: "my-button"

- assertVisible: "Expected Text"

Run

maestro test .maestro/smoke-test.yaml

maestro test --debug .maestro/smoke-test.yaml  # step through

maestro studio                                  # interactive builder

Core Patterns

1. Selector Strategy: testID vs Text

Choose your selector approach based on project context. Both are valid — the right choice depends on whether your app is localized and your team's testing philosophy.

Context

Recommended Selector

Rationale

Multi-language / i18n

id: (testID)

Stable across translations

Single language

Text labels

Human-readable, self-documenting tests

Agent-maintained tests

Either — ask the developer

Readability matters less for AI-maintained flows

System dialogs

Text (always)

No testID possible on native alerts

# testID selector — stable across translations

- tapOn:

    id: "submit-button"

# Text selector — human-readable, self-documenting

- tapOn: "Submit"

When to prefer testIDs:

• App supports multiple languages or will be translated

• UI text is dynamic or frequently changes

• Multiple elements share the same visible text

When to prefer text selectors:

• Single-language app with stable copy

• Readability and self-documentation are a priority

• Testing user-visible behavior exactly as it appears

In React Native, add testID props when using ID-based selectors:

<TouchableOpacity testID="submit-button" onPress={handleSubmit}>

  <Text>{t('submit')}</Text>

</TouchableOpacity>

testID Naming Convention

When using ID-based selectors:

{component}-{action/type}[-{variant}]

Examples:

- auth-prompt-login-button

- product-card-{id}

- otp-input-0

- tab-home

- dashboard-loading

2. Auth Pre-Flight Pattern

Prevent race conditions where Maestro interacts with the UI before auth state resolves. Add a zero-size auth-loaded marker that only renders when auth loading completes:

// In your tab bar or root layout

{!isLoading &#x26;&#x26; <View testID="auth-loaded" style={{ width: 0, height: 0 }} />}

Then in every test:

- launchApp

# Prevent XCTest crash on cold boot (iOS)

- swipe:

    direction: DOWN

    duration: 100

# Wait for auth state to resolve

- extendedWaitUntil:

    visible:

      id: "auth-loaded"

    timeout: 15000

# Now safe to interact

- tapOn:

    id: "tab-home"

3. Adaptive Tests (Handle Both Auth States)

Tests should work regardless of whether the user is authenticated:

# Auth flow — only runs if login prompt is visible

- runFlow:

    when:

      visible: "Sign In"

    file: flows/auth-flow.yaml

# Already authenticated — proceed directly

- runFlow:

    when:

      visible:

        id: "tab-home"

    file: flows/authenticated-action.yaml

4. Testing Optimistic Updates

Use short timeouts to verify UI changes happen before server response:

# Trigger mutation

- tapOn:

    id: "action-button"

# OPTIMISTIC: UI must change within 3s (not waiting for server)

- extendedWaitUntil:

    visible:

      id: "undo-button"

    timeout: 3000

# Verify derived UI state

- extendedWaitUntil:

    visible:

      id: "user-indicator"

    timeout: 5000

Action

Expected Change

Timeout

Mutation trigger

Button state flips

< 3s

List update

Item appears/disappears

< 5s

Re-do action

Proves persistence

< 3s

5. Dismissing Native Alerts

React Native Alert.alert() creates native dialogs that block the UI:

- tapOn:

    id: "action-button"

# Wait for expected state change first

- extendedWaitUntil:

    visible:

      id: "new-state-element"

    timeout: 5000

# Dismiss alert (optional in case it already closed)

- tapOn:

    text: "OK"

    optional: true

# Brief delay for alert animation

- swipe:

    direction: DOWN

    duration: 300

6. Sub-Flows for Reusability

Break repeated sequences into sub-flow files:

.maestro/

├── flows/

│   ├── auth-and-return.yaml

│   ├── complete-purchase.yaml

│   └── verify-result.yaml

├── smoke-test.yaml

└── feature-test.yaml

# In main test

- runFlow:

    file: flows/auth-and-return.yaml

7. Deep Links (Expo)

Use the Expo scheme from app.json, not the bundle ID:

# WRONG

- openLink: "com.myapp://profile/settings"

# CORRECT

- openLink: "myapp://profile/settings"

Deep links must be registered in your app's deep link handler. Unregistered routes silently fail.

8. Platform-Specific Logic

- runFlow:

    when:

      platform: ios

    file: flows/ios-specific.yaml

- runFlow:

    when:

      platform: android

    file: flows/android-specific.yaml

9. Environment Variables

appId: com.myapp

env:

  TEST_EMAIL: maestro-test@example.com

  API_BASE_URL: http://localhost:3000

---

- inputText: ${TEST_EMAIL}

10. Selector State Properties

Use enabled, selected, checked, and focused to target elements by their current state. This is useful for validating interactive element states before or after actions.

# Only tap the submit button if it's enabled

- tapOn:

    id: "submit-button"

    enabled: true

# Assert a checkbox is checked

- assertVisible:

    id: "terms-checkbox"

    checked: true

# Wait for an input to be focused

- extendedWaitUntil:

    visible:

      id: "email-input"

      focused: true

    timeout: 3000

Property

Values

Use Case

enabled

true / false

Buttons that disable during submission or until form is valid

checked

true / false

Checkboxes, toggle switches

selected

true / false

Tab items, segmented controls

focused

true / false

Input fields with auto-focus

11. Relative Position Selectors

Distinguish between similar elements by their spatial relationship to other elements. This is more idiomatic and resilient than index-based selection.

# BAD — fragile, breaks if order changes

- tapOn:

    text: "Add to Basket"

    index: 1

# GOOD — contextual, self-documenting

- tapOn:

    text: "Add to Basket"

    below:

      text: "Awesome Shoes"

Available relative selectors:

# Target element below another

- tapOn:

    text: "Buy Now"

    below: "Product Title"

# Target element that is a child of a parent

- tapOn:

    text: "Delete"

    childOf:

      id: "item-card-42"

# Target a parent that contains a specific child

- tapOn:

    containsChild: "Urgent"

# Target by multiple descendants

- tapOn:

    containsDescendants:

      - id: title_id

        text: "Specific Title"

      - "Another descendant text"

# Horizontal positioning

- tapOn:

    text: "Edit"

    rightOf: "Username"

Selector

Meaning

below:

Element is positioned below the referenced element

above:

Element is positioned above the referenced element

leftOf:

Element is to the left of the referenced element

rightOf:

Element is to the right of the referenced element

childOf:

Element is a direct child of the referenced parent

containsChild:

Element contains a direct child matching the reference

containsDescendants:

Element contains all specified descendant elements

Authentication Testing

Architecture

Testing OTP or magic-link authentication in E2E requires capturing emails programmatically. The general pattern:

┌─────────────┐     ┌──────────────┐     ┌─────────────────┐

│  Maestro    │────▶│  Auth        │────▶│  Email Capture  │

│  Test       │     │  Provider    │     │  Service        │

└─────────────┘     └──────────────┘     └─────────────────┘

       │                                        │

       │         ┌──────────────────────────────┘

       │         ▼

       │   ┌─────────────┐

       └──▶│  REST API   │ ─── GET /api/v1/messages

           │  (email)    │ ─── Extract OTP code

           └─────────────┘

Common email capture services: Mailpit, MailHog, Ethereal.

OTP Fetch Script

Fetch OTP codes from your email capture service using Maestro's GraalJS runtime:

// CRITICAL: Maestro uses GraalJS — NO async/await, NO fetch()

var email = typeof EMAIL !== "undefined" ? EMAIL : "test@example.com";

var emailServiceUrl = typeof EMAIL_SERVICE_URL !== "undefined"

  ? EMAIL_SERVICE_URL : "http://localhost:8025";

var response = http.get(emailServiceUrl + "/api/v1/messages");

if (!response.ok) {

  throw new Error("Failed to fetch emails: " + response.status);

}

var data = json(response.body);

// Find the latest email and extract OTP code

var body = data.messages[0].Content.Body;

var match = body.match(/(\d{6})/);

output.OTP_CODE = match[1];

OTP Input Strategy

OTP components with auto-focus need individual digit entry. Tap each input before typing:

# Split OTP into digits via helper script

- runScript:

    file: scripts/split-otp.js

    env:

      OTP_CODE: ${output.OTP_CODE}

# Enter each digit by tapping its input

- tapOn:

    id: "otp-input-0"

- inputText: ${output.OTP_0}

- tapOn:

    id: "otp-input-1"

- inputText: ${output.OTP_1}

# ... repeat for all digits

For provider-specific implementations (Supabase + Mailpit, Firebase Auth, Auth0), create a project-level skill that extends this one.

GraalJS Script Rules

Maestro uses the GraalJS runtime. These constraints are non-negotiable:

Feature

Status

async/await

NOT supported

fetch()

NOT supported

http.get(), http.post()

Use these instead

json()

Use to parse response bodies

output.VAR

Set variables for use in YAML flow

var declarations

Required (use var, not const/let for safety)

// Script template

var response = http.get("http://localhost:8025/api/endpoint");

if (!response.ok) {

  throw new Error("Request failed: " + response.status);

}

var data = json(response.body);

output.RESULT = data.value;

Critical Gotchas

clearState Does NOT Clear iOS Keychain

clearState: true clears the app sandbox (UserDefaults, files, caches) but does NOT clear the iOS Keychain. Auth tokens stored via expo-secure-store (or any Keychain-based storage) persist across clearState resets and even app reinstalls.

# WRONG — user may still be authenticated

- launchApp:

    clearState: true

- assertVisible: "Welcome"  # Fails if Keychain has tokens

# CORRECT — wait for auth resolution, then adapt

- launchApp

- extendedWaitUntil:

    visible:

      id: "auth-loaded"

    timeout: 15000

Rules:

• Never rely on clearState to produce guest state on iOS

• For auth tests: skip clearState, use auth-loaded pre-flight

• For guest tests: use adaptive flows that handle both states

• Never assert guest-only UI after clearState

Note: On Android, clearState: true fully resets app data including credentials. This is an iOS-only gotcha.

XCTest kAXErrorInvalidUIElement Crash (iOS)

The XCTest driver may crash if Maestro interacts with the accessibility tree before the first render cycle completes on cold boot.

Fix: Add a no-op swipe immediately after launchApp:

- launchApp

- swipe:

    direction: DOWN

    duration: 100

API Server Dependency

Mobile apps calling backend APIs on localhost need either the full server or a mock server running. Without it, all API-dependent screens show loading spinners or empty states (queries fail silently).

Fix: Start a mock API server before running Maestro tests:

# Start mock server (serves canned responses on your API port)

npx tsx scripts/mock-api-server.ts &

# Then run tests

maestro test .maestro/my-test.yaml

Create a lightweight mock that returns canned JSON for each endpoint your app calls. This is faster and more deterministic than running your full backend.

Auth-Aware Tab Bars

Tab bars that show different tabs for guest vs authenticated users will cause selector failures:

State

Typical Tabs

Guest

home, search, cart, profile

Auth

home, feed, create, messages, profile

Only assert tabs that exist in both states, or use adaptive when: conditions.

Test File Template

# {Feature} {Action} Test

#

# Tests: {what this validates}

# Prerequisites:

# - Simulator/emulator running with app installed

# - Backend or mock server running (if API-dependent)

appId: com.myapp

env:

  TEST_EMAIL: maestro-{feature}@example.com

  EMAIL_SERVICE_URL: http://localhost:8025

---

# ==========================================

# STEP 1: LAUNCH + AUTH PRE-FLIGHT

# ==========================================

- launchApp

- swipe:

    direction: DOWN

    duration: 100

- extendedWaitUntil:

    visible:

      id: "auth-loaded"

    timeout: 15000

- takeScreenshot: 01-initial-state

# ==========================================

# STEP 2: {ACTION}

# ==========================================

- tapOn:

    id: "target-element"

# ==========================================

# STEP 3: VERIFY

# ==========================================

- extendedWaitUntil:

    visible:

      id: "expected-result"

    timeout: 5000

- takeScreenshot: 02-final-state

Folder Structure

.maestro/

├── README.md                    # Quick reference + testID inventory

├── config.yaml                  # Shared configuration

├── flows/                       # Reusable sub-flows

│   ├── auth-and-return.yaml

│   ├── complete-action.yaml

│   └── verify-result.yaml

├── scripts/                     # GraalJS helpers

│   ├── fetch-otp.js

│   └── split-otp.js

├── smoke-test.yaml              # Guest navigation

├── auth-signin.yaml             # OTP sign-in flow

├── feature-screenshots.yaml     # Screenshot capture flows

└── feature-action.yaml          # Feature-specific tests

scripts/

├── mock-api-server.ts           # Lightweight mock for E2E

└── run-e2e.sh                   # Orchestration script

Naming Conventions

Type

Pattern

Example

Main test

{feature}-{action}.yaml

checkout-purchase.yaml

Sub-flow

{action}-{context}.yaml

auth-and-return-to-dashboard.yaml

Script

{verb}-{noun}.js

fetch-otp.js

Infrastructure

Mock Server for API-Dependent Tests

Create a lightweight mock server that serves canned responses for your API layer. This is faster and more deterministic than running your full backend during E2E tests.

# Start mock server before running Maestro tests

npx tsx scripts/mock-api-server.ts &

Orchestration Script

Automate the full E2E setup with a shell script that:

• Starts backend services (database, auth)

• Seeds test data

• Starts mock API server

• Runs Maestro tests

• Cleans up all services

bash scripts/run-e2e.sh

Seed Data

Tests that depend on specific data require seeded databases. Keep seed scripts alongside your test infrastructure and run them before each test suite.

Android-Specific Patterns

Emulator Setup

Android tests require an emulator or a USB-connected physical device. Maestro auto-detects connected devices.

# List available system images

sdkmanager --list | grep system-images

# Create emulator

avdmanager create avd -n maestro_test \

  -k "system-images;android-34;google_apis;arm64-v8a"

# Start emulator

emulator -avd maestro_test

iOS vs Android Differences

Aspect

iOS

Android

Device type

Simulator only (no physical)

Emulator + physical via ADB

clearState

Does NOT clear Keychain

Fully resets app data

Cold boot crash

XCTest kAXError (add swipe delay)

No equivalent issue

Performance

Runs natively (fast)

ARM emulation (slower on x86)

Permission dialogs

System alerts

System dialogs with different text

ADB Debugging

adb devices                                    # List connected devices

adb shell am start -n com.myapp/.MainActivity  # Launch app

adb logcat | grep Maestro                      # Filter Maestro logs

adb shell input keyevent 82                    # Unlock screen

Android Permission Handling

Android permissions appear as system dialogs. Dismiss with optional taps:

- tapOn:

    text: "Allow"

    optional: true

- tapOn:

    text: "While using the app"

    optional: true

CI/CD Integration

GitHub Actions with Maestro Cloud

Maestro Cloud provides real devices in CI without local simulators. Use the official action:

name: Mobile E2E Tests

on:

  push:

    branches: [main]

  pull_request:

    branches: [main]

jobs:

  maestro-e2e:

    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # Build Android APK

      - uses: actions/setup-java@v4

        with:

          java-version: '17'

          distribution: 'temurin'

      - name: Build Android APK

        run: |

          cd apps/mobile

          npx expo prebuild --platform android --no-install

          cd android && ./gradlew assembleRelease

      - name: Run Maestro Cloud Tests

        id: maestro

        uses: mobile-dev-inc/action-maestro-cloud@v2

        with:

          api-key: ${{ secrets.MAESTRO_API_KEY }}

          app-file: apps/mobile/android/app/build/outputs/apk/release/app-release.apk

          workspace: .maestro

          include-tags: ci

      # Access results

      # ${{ steps.maestro.outputs.MAESTRO_CLOUD_CONSOLE_URL }}

      # ${{ steps.maestro.outputs.MAESTRO_CLOUD_UPLOAD_STATUS }}

      # ${{ steps.maestro.outputs.MAESTRO_CLOUD_FLOW_RESULTS }}

Tag-Based Flow Filtering

Use tags to control which tests run in CI vs locally:

# In your flow file header

appId: com.myapp

tags:

  - ci

  - smoke

---

- launchApp

# ... test steps

# Run only CI-tagged flows locally

maestro test --include-tags ci .maestro/

# Exclude work-in-progress flows

maestro test --exclude-tags wip .maestro/

Local CI with Docker (Android Only)

FROM openjdk:17-slim

RUN curl -Ls "https://get.maestro.mobile.dev" | bash

ENV PATH="/root/.maestro/bin:${PATH}"

COPY .maestro/ /app/.maestro/

WORKDIR /app

CMD ["maestro", "test", ".maestro/"]

Note: iOS tests cannot run in Docker (requires macOS). Use Maestro Cloud for iOS in CI.

Maestro Cloud

Maestro Cloud runs tests on real devices without local simulator setup.

Setup

• Create account at cloud.maestro.dev

• Generate API key from dashboard

• Store as MAESTRO_API_KEY secret in your CI provider

Running from CLI

# Upload and run on Maestro Cloud

maestro cloud --api-key $MAESTRO_API_KEY \

  --app-file ./app-release.apk \

  .maestro/

# With tag filtering

maestro cloud --api-key $MAESTRO_API_KEY \

  --app-file ./app-release.apk \

  --include-tags smoke \

  .maestro/

Key Points

• iOS testing: Supported on Maestro Cloud (not on local physical devices)

• Android testing: Both local physical devices and Maestro Cloud

• Results: Dashboard with video recordings, logs, and screenshots

• CI outputs: MAESTRO_CLOUD_CONSOLE_URL, MAESTRO_CLOUD_FLOW_RESULTS

Maestro MCP Server

The Maestro MCP server exposes Maestro's full command set as Model Context Protocol tools, letting AI agents execute tests and interact with devices directly — not just write YAML.

How It Complements This Skill

This Skill

Maestro MCP

Role

Teaches correct patterns

Provides runtime execution

Layer

Authoring (write good YAML)

Execution (run, tap, assert, screenshot)

Output

Better test files

Live device interaction

Use both together: this skill ensures the AI writes correct tests; the MCP lets it run them immediately, see failures, and iterate.

Setup

The MCP ships with the Maestro CLI — no extra install needed:

# Verify it's available

maestro mcp

Claude Code — add to project .mcp.json or global settings:

{

  "mcpServers": {

    "maestro": {

      "command": "maestro",

      "args": ["mcp"]

    }

  }

}

Claude Desktop — add to ~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json (macOS):

{

  "mcpServers": {

    "maestro": {

      "command": "maestro",

      "args": ["mcp"]

    }

  }

}

Also supported on Cursor, Windsurf, VS Code, and JetBrains IDEs. See the Maestro MCP docs for IDE-specific setup.

Key Capabilities

The MCP server exposes 47 tools organized by category:

Category

Tools

Examples

UI Interaction

tap, swipe, scroll, long press

tapOn, scrollUntilVisible

Text Input

type, erase, paste, copy

inputText, eraseText

Assertions

visibility, AI-powered

assertVisible, assertWithAI

App Lifecycle

launch, stop, clear state

launchApp, clearState

Device Control

location, orientation, airplane

setLocation, hideKeyboard

Flow Control

run flows, repeat, eval scripts

runFlow, evalScript

Media

screenshots, recording

takeScreenshot, startRecording

AI-Powered

visual assertions, defect detection

assertWithAI, assertNoDefectsWithAI

Write-Run-Fix Loop

With both this skill and the MCP active, the AI can:

• Write a test YAML using patterns from this skill

• Run it via MCP's runFlow / launchApp + interaction tools

• See failures via screenshots and assertions

• Fix the YAML and re-run — all in one conversation

Debugging

maestro test --debug .maestro/test.yaml   # Step through interactively

maestro record .maestro/test.yaml          # Record as video

maestro studio                             # Interactive UI builder

maestro hierarchy                          # View element tree

Screenshots saved to ~/.maestro/tests/{timestamp}/.

Checklist for New Tests

[ ] Unique test email (maestro-{feature}@example.com)

[ ] Selector strategy chosen (testID for i18n apps, text for single-language — see Pattern 1)

[ ] Selectors use state properties where relevant (enabled, checked — see Pattern 10)

[ ] Similar elements distinguished with relative selectors, not index (see Pattern 11)

[ ] Auth pre-flight pattern used (auth-loaded)

[ ] Post-launch swipe added (iOS crash prevention)

[ ] Both auth states handled (adaptive flows)

[ ] Native alerts dismissed after mutations

[ ] Short timeouts for optimistic updates (3-5s)

[ ] Sub-flows created for reusable sequences

[ ] Descriptive screenshots at key points

[ ] Header comment with prerequisites

[ ] Added to README.md test table

[ ] Mock API server started if backend-dependent

[ ] Tags added for CI filtering (ci, smoke, wip)

Common Errors

Error

Cause

Fix

"Unable to locate Java Runtime"

Java not in PATH

export JAVA_HOME=/opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk@17/...

"Element not found" after tap

Native alert blocking

Add tapOn: text: "OK" optional: true

OTP digits not entering

Auto-focus interference

Use individual otp-input-N testIDs

Test passes but nothing happened

optional: true misused

Only use optional for truly optional actions

"Assertion is false" on visibility

Element not rendered yet

Increase timeout or verify testID exists

Script output empty

Wrong JS API

Use http.get() not fetch()

Auth state inconsistent after clearState

iOS Keychain not cleared

Don't use clearState, use adaptive flows

kAXErrorInvalidUIElement crash

Cold boot race (iOS)

Add post-launch swipe delay

Loading spinners / empty screens

No API server running

Start mock API server before tests

Permission dialog blocking (Android)

System dialog not dismissed

Add tapOn: text: "Allow" optional: true

Resources

• Maestro Documentation

• Maestro Selectors Reference

• Maestro Cloud

• Maestro MCP Server

• Maestro GitHub

• GraalJS HTTP Requests

• Conditions &amp;#x26; Adaptive Flows

• GitHub Actions Integration

• BrowserStack: Maestro Testing Guide

• DEV.to: Tips &amp;#x26; Tricks for Maestro + React Native